Drug Use And Overdose Related Deaths Essay - 2463 Words

Describe and define the problem Heroin use and overdose related deaths have increased considerably in the United States in recent years (Jones, Logan, Gladden, Bohm, 2015). The results of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health [NSDUH] (2014), showed in the year 2013, approximately 517,000 Americans abused heroin, which was almost a 150 percent increase since 2007 (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2014). According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA] (2014), in the year 2011, 4.2 million people who were twelve years of age or older said they used heroin at least once in their lifetime. Furthermore, data from NSDUH showed approximately 460 people, twelve years of age or older, used heroin each day in 2013 (Lipari and Hughes, 2015). An even more frightening statistic is death rates doubled for people who were twelve years of age or older as a result of heroin overdose in the years 2010 through 2012 (Hedegaard, Chen, and Warner, 2015). Th e rise of heroin use in the United States can be mostly attributed to more young adults between the ages of 18-25 using the drug. Data from NSDUH revealed heroin initiation rates by young adults during the years 2002 through 2011 was nearly two to seven times higher than the initiation rates in people were between the ages of 12-17, as well as older adults who were between the ages of 26-49 (Muhuri, Gfroerer, Davies, 2013). Additionally, in 2013, young adults had the highest rates ofShow MoreRelatedThe Rising Death Of Opioid Users970 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rising Death of Opioid Users Objective Misuse, abuse, and diversion of prescription drugs is a large and growing public health problems that have resulted in an overdose epidemic.( Hirsch) Drug overdose is an important, yet an inadequately understood, public health problem. 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The Futile Goal of Nicholas Branch in Don DeLillos Libra...

The vast amount of evidence associated with the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, an event that occurred more than fifty years ago, is still being collected and examined by an array of scientists, professional historians, and conspiracy theorists. Periodically, with continuous developments and improvements in technology, new information is being discovered that either relates to an existing theory about the assassination or inspires additional assumptions about the identity and location of another supposed shooter. According to author Don DeLillo, the immense quantity of the information pertaining to the heinous crime committed in Dallas on November 22nd of 1963 will never lead to or reveal a comprehensive and conclusive†¦show more content†¦He feels as if he must make meaning out of all the material in his possession and so, because he does not know how to accomplish this, he remains perpetually immobile in his attempt to uncover and write the true history of th e assassination. Branch’s objective to investigate all the facts about the assassination places him in a chaotic situation. It is impossible for him to account for every detail, fact, and occurrence linked to Kennedy’s assassination because there is already too much information for him to examine and much that has yet to be discovered. Christopher M. Mott, in his essay â€Å"Libra and the Subject of History†, comments on Branch’s need for absolute closure and the chaotic results that arise: The novel implies that the version of the world that informs our government’s practices and dominates our episteme intends to account for every detail of existence. It employs a totalizing discourse, a discourse of rational examination and explanation. Libra clearly indicates that this penchant for total explanation leads, in fact, to total chaos. We simply cannot account for every detail, every nuance. (143) Branch’s desire to piece together the factual events of the assassination has led to his abandonment of life. He will forever be confined to his, as DeLillo describes, â€Å"room of theories† (57) since he must study everything about the event. However, the CIA is constantly supplying him

Gentrification free essay sample

The criminalization of marijuana began with the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937. Since the criminalization of the plant cannabis sativa, many attempts have been made to appeal the criminalization of it and legalize the Schedule I drug. With the upcoming elections of 2010 only a month and a half away, the heated debate of legalization vs. criminalization is taking rise as the proposition moves its way to the ballot. Whether we should legalize marijuana depends on the impact it will have on criminal activity, the benefit of legal taxed sales, and the medical value of marijuana. Marijuana is not legal, yet millions of taxpayer’s dollars are being allocated to the cleanup of illegal cultivation farms in state and national parks; and there are several. Marijuana farms are prospering with help from propane tanks, coils of irrigation, and chemicals for fertilization. Unfortunately, it is costly to cleanup these sites and takes years to rehabilitate the ones damaged with chemical-eroding effects (Roosevelt). With the hopes of legalization comes the burden of devastation for these parks and the cost to keep the wrong plant and criminals out of the right kind of garden. Perhaps why crime is associated with medical marijuana is where the marijuana can be bought. Marijuana dispensaries are legal operating stores that sell marijuana to patients with medical marijuana cards. These dispensaries increase demand for police as they can disrupt nearby businesses, lower property values, and increase illegal drug use. Chris Gallagher is chief of the Los Banos Police Department. He said robberies and violent crimes occurred regularly at dispensaries in Humboldt County, a notable landmark in the pot-smoking world, and that dispensaries had proven to be extremely disruptive (Reilly). If dispensaries only attract robberies and violent crime then an easy solution would be to increase surveillance and patrol of dispensary areas to decrease these occurring crimes. Many do debate that the legalization of marijuana will indefinitely lead to increasing criminal activity. However, the belief that marijuana allows people to become aggressive, irrational, and insane and in turn impairs one’s judgment to the point of criminal activity is absurd. Marijuana does not cause crime. According to a published article in Atlantic Monthly, a study was conducted by two researches, one from the RAND Corporation and the other from Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, testing the belief that marijuana consumption leads to criminal-like behavior. The study concluded marijuana may not make users more likely to break the law, but it probably makes them more likely to get caught (Reefer). The study proved that marijuana users were likely to be apprehended by police, but that marijuana users were not more likely to commit crimes than non-users. The Drug Policy Alliance Network is one of the nations leading organizations committing to ending the war on drugs and providing new drug policies based on science, compassion, health, and human rights. According to their website drugpolicy.org, the belief that marijuana causes crime and induces one with aggression and violence is a myth. â€Å"The vast majority of marijuana users do not commit crimes other than the crime of possessing marijuana. Among marijuana users who do commit crimes, marijuana plays no causal role. Almost all human and animal studies show that marijuana decreases rather than increases aggression† (DPAN). Since most marijuana related arrests are for possession, the legalization of it will cancel out the possession charges and mathematically reduce the amount of criminal activity. Deficit, bankruptcy, and inflation are terms we Americans now incorporate into our daily lives. Our national debt increases exponentially with each year and still no solution or compromise is being ascertained. Many promote the taxation of marijuana to increase federal revenue. However, according to a comment made by Joel W. Hay, professor of Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy in the School of Pharmacy at the University of Southern California, â€Å"It is a fallacy that pot legalization will provide badly needed state and federal revenue through taxation of decriminalized marijuana †¦[and that] economic costs will increase by amounts far greater than any possible revenue gains† (Dubner). Repudiating this statement, is the common knowledge that taxing a large-profit-generating crop does provide money; and since money is scarce in our recovering country, implementing extra money does not seem so worthless. Certain states such as California, are currently experiencing a huge deficit with little alternatives for increasing revenue. It is without ambiguity that marijuana has become the biggest cash crop in the United States, bringing in more annually than corn and wheat combined (Heffter). Blatantly, taxing the nation’s number one crop is one of the best ways to decrease our state and national deficit. According to an article published in the Contra Costa Times, advocates said legalization and regulation could bring as much as $1.4 billion for the state of California. (Richman). With California’s budget deficit exceeding $24 billion, allocating $1.4 billion does not seem tumultuous. An article from the Economist states that on top of that there would be lots of cannabis-driven tourism (Puff). Illegal suppliers, smugglers, and dealers are illegal proprietors reaping huge profits that sustain and establish their businesses; profits our nation can obtain if legalized and regul ated. What truly impedes the legalization of marijuana, and why it was even decriminalized in Proposition 215, is the medical value of marijuana for disease stricken and terminally ill patients. It is clear that no one has ever died of THC poisoning, so the concept of dying or going belligerently insane like â€Å"Reefer Madness† is a fallacy (Cloud). According to an article published in New York Times, Marijuana reduces pressure on the eyeball by 25% for glaucoma patients, reduces painful spasms for patients with multiple sclerosis and trauma, and reduces pain for postoperative patients (Cloud). This claim is also supported by NORML the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, the organization states marijuana provides symptomatic relief for a number of medical conditions, including nausea and vomiting, stimulating appetite, promoting weight gain, and diminishing intraocular pressure from glaucoma. Patients and physicians have also reported that smoked marijuana pr ovides relief from migraine headaches, depression, seizures, insomnia and chronic pain, among other conditions (NORML). Cannabis Sativa is not a plant that has no medical benefit for the ill and terminal. Marijuana is a pain reliever that is grown naturally and prospers without the expensive use of marketing tactics, manufacturing, processing, and packaging. Yet, strong opposition claims it has no benefit. The Drug Enforcement Administration states marijuana is the most commonly abused illicit drug in the U.S. Due to the high abuse it is a Schedule I drug, meaning, there is a high potential for abuse and no medical benefit. Awkwardly, PCP, Ecstasy, Heroin, and LSD are in the same Schedule I category. The DEA also states that marijuana consumption is not healthy as it highly alters one’s judgment and damages the lungs if smoked, the most common way of consumption. The DEA stands by this defense because of the 2001 case United States v. Oakland Cannabis Club. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled marijuana has no medical value stating, â€Å"In the case of the controlled Substance Act, the statute reflects a determination that marijuana has no medical benefits worthy of an exception outside the confines of a government-approached project† (Supreme Court of the United States, Syllabus: United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers’ Cooperative ET AL). The evidence against this rul ing is compelling, but the DEA will not accept research-supporting marijuana as a pain reliever. Cannabis Sativa has caused quite the commotion since its prohibition began over half a century ago. Many still argue that it is a factor in increasing criminal activity, that it damages the body, and will create even more problems and financial ruin if legalization is applied. Yet, marijuana is unlike other drugs; it is not chemically processed and manufactured, presenting itself in a conveniently sized box with an FDA approved label on the front. It is a plant that has been growing wildly and naturally for thousands of years. It is a resource that does not increase crime, a plant that can provide much needed money; it is an alternative that can relieve the pain of millions across the world. â€Å"Pot,† â€Å"Weed,† â€Å"Mary Jane,† marijuana, Cannabis Sativa, whatever it may be called, is merely a plant that if legalized would provide relief for the one’s whom need a release. It is our right and of good belief to explore, any means that can remedy our a voidable sufferings.

The Melting Point Analysis of Crude and Recrystallized Acetaminophen Synthesized Sample Essay Example For Students

The Melting Point Analysis of Crude and Recrystallized Acetaminophen Synthesized Sample Essay Acetic Anhydride and p-Aminophenol were heated in a vial attached to an air capacitor to synthesise petroleum Datril. ensuing in 0. 097 gms ( 47. 48 % output ) . The petroleum Datril was so recrystallized in a dissolver of H2O and methyl alcohol over heat ensuing in 0. 082 gms ( 39. 61 % output ) of pure Datril. Melting points of both petroleum and pure Datril were taken. and found to be 165. 9 – 170. 9Â °C and 168. 2 – 171. 5Â °C. severally. The literature runing point of Datril is 169. 5 – 171. 0Â °C. bespeaking that our concluding merchandise was pure. Introduction The synthesis of Datril involves the attractive force of the electrophilic carbonyl group of acetic anhydride to the nucleophilic NH2 of the p-aminophenol. This occurs because the NH2 group is a better nucleophile than the OH group attached on the opposite side of the p-aminophenol. A new nitrogen-carbon bond is formed. bring forthing Datril with acetic acid as a by-product. During the synthesis of Datril. it is necessary to fade out all solid stuff. and heat the reaction at a high adequate temperature and for a long adequate clip period to guarantee completion. Cooling the mixture in an ice bath ensures that all crystals have formed. and drying removes any staying dissolver. The synthesis of Datril does non ensue in a pure merchandise. so recrystallization is necessary to sublimate the substance. During recrystallization. it is of import to fade out all of the solid in order to take all the drosss. Acetaminophen crystallizes easy. so chilling the mixture adequately is necessary. Leaving the mixture in an ice bath for 10 proceedingss ensures that the procedure is complete. Drying the crystals removes any staying dissolver. Once recrystallization has occured. comparing by runing point confirms the purification. The recrystallized merchandise should hold a thaw point near to the literature value. with a narrow scope. whereas the impure crystals will run at a lower temperature with a broader scope. Procedure Chemical reaction Mixture:0. 150g of p-aminophenol was weighed and put into a 5-mL conelike phial. An automatic pipet was used to mensurate 0. 450 mL H2O and 0. 165 mL acetic anhydride and was added to the conelike phial. A spin vane was placed into the phial and an air capacitor was attached. Heating: The mixture was heated at 120Â °C utilizing an aluminium block and was stirred gently. After all of the solid dissolved. it was heated for 20 extra proceedingss to guarantee the reaction was complete. Isolation of Crude Acetaminophen: The phial was removed from the heat and cooled to room temperature. The spin vane was rinsed with 2-3 beads of warm H2O over the conelike phial. The phial was cooled to room temperature so placed in an ice bath for 15 proceedingss. The liquid was decanted from the mixture and the resulting crystals were dried on filter paper. The crystals were so placed on a ticker glass for farther drying. The crystals were weighed and a little sample was placed into a capillary tubing for runing point finding. Crystallization of Acetaminophen: The merchandise was placed in a Craig tubing and several beads of hot ( 100Â °C ) dissolver ( 50 % H2O. 50 % methyl alcohol. by volume ) was added and heated until all of the crystals dissolved. The Craig tubing was plugged and set in an Erlenmeyer flask to chill. Crystallization was induced one time the mixture was at room temperature by rubing the inner wall of the tubing. It was so placed into an ice bath for 10 proceedingss until crystallisation was complete. The tubing was so centrifuged for 3 proceedingss to take the liquid. The crystals were collected on a ticker glass and allowed to air dry. The resulting crystals ( o. o82g ) were pale brown in colour. Melting points were taken for both the petroleum ( 165. 9 – 179. 9Â °C ) and the pure ( 168. 2 – 171. 5Â °C ) Datril. Consequences and Calculations .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 , .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .postImageUrl , .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 , .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869:hover , .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869:visited , .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869:active { border:0!important; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869:active , .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869 .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufd3b97cb3faabebf009444da4f43d869:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: I'm a Digital Dependant EssayGram molecules p-aminophenol:0. 150 g x ( 1 mol ) / ( 109. 1 g ) = 0. 00137 mol Gram molecules of acetic anhydride:0. 165 milliliter x ( 1. 08 g ) / ( 1 milliliter ) ten ( 1 mol ) / ( 102. 1 g ) =0. 00174 mol Theoretical Output:0. 00137 mol x ( 151. 2 g ) / ( 1 mol ) =0. 207 g Percent output of petroleum Datril:Crude crystal weight = 0. 089 g( 0. 089 g ) / ( 0. 207 g ) x 100 % =46. 48 % Percent output of pure Datril:Pure Datril weight = 0. 082 g( 0. 082 g ) / ( 0. 207 g ) x 100 % =39. 61 % Literature value of acetaminophen runing point = 169. 5 – 171. 0Â °C Crude Datril runing point = 165. 9 – 170. 9Â °CRecrystallized acetaminophen runing point = 168. 2 – 171. 5Â °C Discussion and DecisionsCrude Datril was successfully synthesized. organizing light brown crystals. All of the solid was allowed to fade out. and the mixture was adequately heated. The crystals were allowed plentifulness of clip to to the full chill. A percent output of 46. 48 % was achieved. with a sum of 0. 089 g being formed. Recrystallization was done on the rough merchandise. ensuing one time once more in light brown crystals. All of the solid was dissolved in the hot dissolver. and crystallisation occurred one time induced by rubing the interior of the tubing. The crystals were decently cooled. and a percent output of 39. 61 % was achieved ( 0. 082 g were formed ) . The runing point of the petroleum Datril ( 165. 9 – 170. 9Â °C ) was lower and broader than that of the recrystallized Datril ( 168. 2 – 171. 5Â °C ) . demoing that ab initio there were drosss present. The recrystallized Datril runing point was really near to the literature value ( 169Â °C ) . bespeaking that the concluding merchandise was quite pure. The low per centum outputs of both the petroleum merchandise and the recrystallized merchandise could hold been caused by several factors. Some of both merchandises could hold been lost when transferred to the ticker glass to be weighed. The hot home base that the reactions occurred on was besides really unstable. and the temperature fluctuated throughout the reaction. This may hold effected how much merchandise was formed. as more side merchandises would hold resulted from a higher temperature. The petroleum crystals were besides non allowed adequate clip to adequately dry before recrystallization occurred. Had they been allowed more clip to dry. the percent output of pure Datril may hold increased. Overall. nevertheless. the experiment was successful. as pure Datril was synthesized. The runing point of the merchandise confirmed the high degree of pureness. and the difference between the petroleum and recrystallized merchandises could be easy observed.

The Relationship between Stress and Middle Adulthood Essay Example

The Relationship between Stress and Middle Adulthood Paper Stress and Middle Adulthood Relationship Stress affects individuals physically, cognitively, socially and emotionally on every level of human development. This essay will focus mainly on stress during middle adulthood and discuss how stress affects individuals at this stage during human development. This stage spans from 40 years of age to 65. Individuals do not possess the strength, coordination, and stamina that we had during our twenties and thirties. But during this period we remain pretty stable, there is only a slight physical decline. Personality development and adjustment theories, such as Erikson’s give a way of defining life crisis of the middle years. He regarded this level as generativity versus stagnation. A period of striving to having and raising our children well and making our mark in the world or we do things that are worthwhile. We do this to enhance and maintain our self-esteem. With Eriksonians it is the ideal of shaping the new generation. This could be the raising of their children or working to make the world a better place. Levinson’s theory, midlife transition, is a dramatic shift in psychological perspective. This is a marked time of thinking how much time we have left. Individuals will think more of what they could have accomplished rather than what the future can bring (Cronin Mandich, 2005). Whatever the theory they may be experiencing the crisis that arises produces stress. Defining stress is â€Å"the mental and/or physical strain resulting from adjustive demands or challenges† (Abascal, Brucato Brucato, 2001). Most people must adjust to a life that is less than perfect. We need to adapt to stress not just the stress of crises or unexpected good fortune, but also the stress of everyday minor demands. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship between Stress and Middle Adulthood specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship between Stress and Middle Adulthood specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship between Stress and Middle Adulthood specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Every adjustment is an attempt to balance our desires against the demands of the environment, to weigh our needs against the reality of achievement. How we adjust to the stress that we endure is crucial to our health and the quality of our lives. Stress can hurt you psychologically and physically. All major life changes involve a certain amount of stress. This is because major life changes typically bring strong emotions, and even joy or elation that can cause arousal in the body and begin to take a toll on its resources (Johnson, 2000). Major life events are stressful because any new experience requires some adjustment. Change is one of the most common event that causes stress. Middle adulthood has middle life crisis for dealing with this stressor. Most people crave order, continuity and predictability in their lives. So anything that disrupts this order, good or bad, will cause stress (Cronin Mandich, 2005). But there are other factors to look at when looking at stress. Pressures, Frustrations, conflict and self-imposed stressors are events that give individuals stress. Pressures happen when we feel forced to speed up, intensify, or shift directions in our behaviors. It can happen when we feel compelled to meet a higher standard of performance. This can come internally or externally. Frustration happens when a person is prevented from reaching a goal because of something or someone who might stand in their way. Individuals must adjust to this by modifying goals or finding a way around the block. Conflict is the most common. Conflict arises when we face two or more incompatible demands, opportunities, needs or goals (Cronin Mandich, 2005 p. 481). These conflicts can never be resolved completely so individuals must give up some of their goals, modify them, or delay going after them. And sometimes individuals create problems for themselves apart from stressful events in their environment. Many people carry with them a set of irrational, self-defeating belief that adds unnecessarily to the normal stresses of life as with mid-life crisis. The transition to midlife can cause a crisis that is referred to as mid-life crisis and entrapment and loss of purpose is marked by this point in life. The midlife crisis is composed of feelings of personal mortality, emotional instability, loss of meaning, and dissatisfaction with life at home and on the job (Johnson, 2000). Cognitive interaction is continuous between the physiological, emotional, and cognitive aspects of human nature. Emotions include physiological, emotional and cognitive â€Å"components† (Abascal, Brucato Brucato, 2001). High levels of bodily arousal in response to stress heighten our emotional responses and influence our cognitions. Even the emotional effects of stress can cause physical symptoms in individuals. Positive emotions such as love and desire can fill us with pleasure, but negative emotions like those induced by stress can cause problems. There are three emotional responses that come from stress Anxiety, anger and depression. Anxiety is in response to threats, anger to frustration and social provocation. Depression, something middle adulthood sees more often, arises to the response of stressors like death, failure, inactivity or lack of stimulation (Cronin Mandich, 2005). Health psychology has become a big topic when dealing with stress. The relationship between psychological factors and prevention and treatment of physical illness has become big business for pharmaceuticals and middle adulthood. Many studies point to a correlation of stress and certain illnesses including cancer (Johnson, 2000). Science is looking at how stress and the immune system interact and this has helped with relief for physical disorders ranging from headaches to heart disease. Examining the ways in which our behavior patters, like smoking, contribute to or can help us prevent and cope with physical disorders with many affecting us in middle age. One thing that has been shown to reduce or buffer the effects of stress is social support. Research shows that social support moderates the impact of stress in situations ranging from problems at work to disasters† (Johnson, 2000). It is useful for people who have stress to get together and talk about their feelings or ideas to support one another are useful. And studies of Alameda County, California have found that people who receive social support may even live longer (Cronin Mandich, 2005). So when looking at stress and middle adulthood one should keep in mind the effects of stress and how it relates to them and their level of development.

The eNotes Blog How to Use Hyphens, En Dashes, and EmDashes

How to Use Hyphens, En Dashes, and EmDashes This is part two  in our original grammar series. It turns out the little horizontal lines you’ve been sticking between words when you weren’t sure what sort of punctuation should go there are actually different lengths for a reason. Go figure. Which of the following should fill the blank? 1. The confident student begins the well_proofed punctuation test with no fear. 2. This cunningly_written masterpiece poses no threat to the smart student. 3. The student returns devastating right_ and left_handed punctuational volleys. 4. She thinks the score is 3_0 and is almost sure she’s winning_but is she? 5. The 21st_century_punctuation_loving student turns to the answers with trepidation. Answers 1. a. 2. d 3. b 4. c 5. c Hyphens (-) To smoosh or not to smoosh? Since hyphens (the shortest of the little  horizontal lines) are used primarily in compound terms, you probably mostly encounter them when you’re trying to figure out when two or more words are functioning as one word. You tried the dictionary, but it wasn’t there. What now? Phrasal adjectives (also called compound modifiers) are words that work together to modify nouns. Some examples are â€Å"Dumbledore-scented candle† (real thing), â€Å"equitably distributed chocolates† (not real thing), and â€Å"high-paying jobs for English majors† (jury’s still out). To figure out whether or not to hyphenate, start by asking yourself these questions: If I don’t hyphenate, can anybody interpret the phrase in a way I don’t intend? For example, a â€Å"snuggly purple porcupine† is a porcupine that is both snuggly and purple (yes hug); a â€Å"snuggly-purple porcupine† is a purple porcupine whose color looks soft (no hug). Both constructions are just fine grammatically, and which one you use just depends on what you mean. Does my phrasal adjective come after a verb? If yes, then typically you don’t hyphenate. For example, you could write â€Å"My well-educated porcupine is well educated.† You would make no sense, but you could take comfort in your grammatical excellence. Does my phrasal adjective end in â€Å"ly†? Great. That makes it easy. No hyphens for you. You may comment on â€Å"this writer’s disturbingly frequent references to porcupines† with grammatical impunity. How many words are in my phrasal adjective? More than two? For the most part you can apply the rules above to get constructions like â€Å"seventeenth-century purple-porcupine artwork† and â€Å"chocolate-dumbledore-candle-eating English majors.† Once in a while, however, it changes the rules for clarity’s sake, as in â€Å"On the contrary, I find this writer’s not-so-disturbingly-frequent porcupine references charming.† Omissions can also be taken care of with hyphens when you feel silly saying things like â€Å"right-handed and left-handed porcupines.† To get rid of any silliness, you may write â€Å"right- and left-handed porcupines,† using the dash to signal the omission. Prefixes are horrible things for hyphens. I wish I could spare you, but I can’t. You pretty much just have to look them up, either in your trusty dictionary or, failing that, your style guide. En dashes (–) An en dash is a dash the length of two hyphens, and has almost nothing to do with hyphens (I share your relief). It is used as follows: between scores and number and date ranges to mean â€Å"to† or â€Å"through,† as in â€Å"The body of a porcupine is 2–3 feet in length,† or â€Å"My teacher has asked me to read pages 1–1,000,000 tonight,† or â€Å"I won the en dash contest 46–3.† with no spaces on either side of it. only when not preceded by the word â€Å"from†; tragically you have to spell out â€Å"I was fascinated by porcupines from 12 to 22.† only when you decide to write your numbers as numerals; if you spell them out, there are no dashes for you in â€Å"I was fascinated by porcupines from twelve to twenty-two.† in the case of  directions, where you want to talk about your â€Å"Seattle–Chicago flight† (the en dash again means â€Å"to†). There is one more case where you can use the en dash, and it’s really weird. If you want to describe a split between the right-wing and the left-wing porcupine political factions, it would be confusing to run it all together with hyphens since two distinct  hyphenated ideas are being joined: â€Å"right-wing-left-wing polarization.† Instead, you stick an en dash between your two hyphenated terms, like this: â€Å"right-wing–left-wing polarization.† Even if the second term isn’t hyphenated but still functions as a unit, you would use an en dash, as in  post–porcupine  takeover. The en dash lets your readers know to take the words porcupine and takeover together and understand you are referring to the period after the rodent revolution. Swap the en dash for a hyphen and youre suddenly talking about the takeover that happened post-porcupine- that is, after all the porcupines died.  It is madness and a level of nit-pickery that you may ho pe to seldom encounter. Em dashes (- ) Finally, we’ve arrived at the one you actually can sprinkle throughout your writing when you’re not sure what kind of punctuation to use. Well, sort of. Em dashes  are the equivalent of three hyphens in length and  can replace commas, parentheses, and colons. Why would you make the swap? Mainly because you feel like it, or are being overrun by your other punctuation. You’re also free to use them to indicate a break in thought or an interruption. Enjoy your rare grammar freedom as in the following examples: An interruption: The hospitalized writer reflected, â€Å"Hugging the porcupine seemed like a good idea at the time, but- † â€Å"No, it didn’t,† the porcupine-hugger’s friend interjected. Replacing a colon: I’m going to change the subject now to something different- snakes. Replacing parentheses: Snakes are not as nice as porcupines- though they are nicer than spiders- and I thought my readers might be getting tired of porcupines. A break in thought: Your readers aren’t getting tired of porcupines- they’re getting tired of dashes. Replacing a comma: You may be right- so I’ll cap it here.

Marks & Spencer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Marks & Spencer - Essay Example Britain hypermarket net Tesco is one of such leaders. This company sails one third of all foodstuffs in the country. At first glance Tesco and Marks & Spencer have similar sites intended for online shopping. But in fact there is a good deal of differences, which can be disclosed after some working with the necessary parts of these sites. Marks & Spencer sails more elegant staffs (like clothes, gifts or furniture), so it's aimed to another audience. But surely the same person can do shopping as in Tesco so in Marks & Spencer shops, but in Tesco - each day, while in Marks & Spencer once a week or rarely. Tesco set close cooperation with University College London. The scientists offered new methods of gathering, checking, collating, review, storage, access, retrieval and update of statistics information of retail sells. Fed every second by Tesco's 12 million Clubcard holders, the Crucible database could in theory generate about 12 billion pieces of data a year if each cardholder bought just 20 items a week. This information is analyzed very attentively. MIS helps managers to understand what goods are sold better together, to place them accordingly on the counters in supermarkets. Experts, who carry out such analysis for Tesco, insist that the company has one of the biggest customer databases in the world. National brand buildup took place thanks to Tesco owners and managers, who understood British customers wishes, whims and the mechanism of decision making. It became possible after using Management Information System (MIS). In fact company's managers pay much attention to analyzing the customers behavior: what, when and why do they buy and in what way is it possible to lead them to buy more. At first, hypermarket provides constant (season, holiday, single) discounts for that goods and stuffs, which customer buys oftener then others. At the end of a quarter each Clubcard holder gets voucher, equivalent to sum total, he spent in Tesco hypermarkets. Additionally they are rewarded with coupons, which allow discounts to that goods, the customers can enjoy (according to MIS results). Surely, this generated information is based on purchase data analysis. Management Information System (relevant module) defines the consumer goods basket, which can be potentially interested to a customer. During the quarter Tesco sells about 6 million letters with propositions of different discounts to loyal clients. Surely, Marks & Spencer hasn't such a model. But they needn't! Their target audience differs from Tesco's, so as their discount system. They also offers great discounts on their site and a customer can immediately watch it. Let's provide a comparative analysis between two these sites. Each side should contain company information. At Marks & Spencer website this information is represented rather widely: you can see as general information (company